The Causes of Teen Suicide Essay - 1500 Words

Teen suicide is becoming more common every year in the United States. In fact, only car accidents and homicides (murders) kill more people between the ages of 15 and 24, making suicide the third leading cause of death in teens and overall in youths ages 10 to 19 years old. Read on to learn more about this serious issue - including what causes a person to consider taking their own life, what puts a teen at risk for suicide or self-harm, and warning signs that someone might be considering suicide and how they can get help to find other solutions. Its common for teens to think about death to some degree. Teens thinking capabilities have matured in a way that allows them to think more deeply - about their existence in the world, the†¦show more content†¦The majority of suicide attempts and suicide deaths happen among teens with depression. Consider these statistics about teen suicide and teen depression: about 1% of all teens attempts suicide and about 1% of those suicide attempts results in death (that means about 1 in 10,000 teens dies from suicide). But for adolescents who have depressive illnesses, the rates of suicidal thinking and behavior are much higher. Most teens who have depression think about suicide, and between 15% and 30% of teens with serious depression who think about suicide go on to make a suicide attempt. Keep in mind that most of the time for most teen?s depression is a passing mood. The sadness, loneliness, grief, and disappointment we all feel at times are normal reactions to some of the struggles of life. With the right support, some resilience, an inner belief that there will be a brighter day, and decent coping skills, most teens can get through the depressed mood that happens occasionally when life throws them a curve ball. But sometimes depression doesnt lift after a few hours or a few days. Instead it lasts, and it can seem too heavy to bear. When someone has a depressed or sad mood that is intense and lingers almost all day, almost every day for 2 weeks or more, it may be a sign that the person has developed major depression. MajorShow MoreRelatedThe Cause And Effect Of The Teen Suicide Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesTeen suicide is a big problem all around the world, and we try to prevent it by offering help, and medications for whatever these teens are going through. What you may or may not know is that although we do offer help, these teens who are suicidal face negative criticism which sometimes pushes them to do something drastic. What I would like to accomplish with my paper would be to give my audience, not only a better understanding of some of the causes and effects of being suicidal, but also explainRead MoreTeen Suicide : Causes And Effects2454 Words   |  10 Pages Teen Suicide is a big problem around the world where it is causing Teens/Kids to kill themselves or harm themselves in some type of way. Don’t you ever just wonder why they wanna kill themselves ? or like how their Parents or closest Friends would react if they found out there Daughter/Son or Friend is found lifeless in their own house and there only at the age of 12 - 19 ? There are so many questions that everybody wants to get answered from the Teen that decides to take there own life . Over theRead MoreThe Causes and Prevention of Teen Suicide Essay545 Words   |  3 PagesBefore the mid-1970s, teen suicide appeared to be a rare happening. Suicide is the eleventh leading cause of death in the United States with 32,000 Americans taking their own lives annually every sixteen minutes (Tricare). It is the third leading cause of death for fifteen-to-twenty-four year olds. ((Kirszner G. Laurie, and Mandell R. Stephen 377) Teens should be more aware of the causes and preventions of teen suicide. Among college students suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death. Some 1000Read MoreEssay on Causes and Effects of Teen Suicide599 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween the ages 15-25 years tries to kill themselves every year; 5000 succeed. The most common causes? Stress, bullying, failed relationships, abuse, and failures at studies. Teenage suicide is wrong, it indicates how ruthless today’s society is, and it proves that sometimes, teenagers feel like they can’t be understood or accepted, that they don’t have an adult or close friend to consult to. Teenage suicide is truly sad, to even think that someone feels the absolute need to end their life because thereRead MoreThe Main Environmental And Emotional Causes And Crisis Intervention Of Teen Suicide Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will discuss the main environmental and emotional causes and crisis intervention of teen suicide based on experimental facts and assessment studies. In today’s society, suicide rates continue to rise amongst teens. In some suicide cases, family and friends are caught completely off guard as signs can be misinterpreted. Why does suicide come as a surprise to family and friends and what can be done to decrease the record high will be one of the points within this paper. Early recognitionRead MoreS uicide the Third Leading Causes of Death among Teens in the World1026 Words   |  4 Pagestime goes by which is attributed to suicide. Lets put an end to teenage suicide starting with ways to detect and prevent it. The lack of prevention to help reduce the rate of teen suicide that the community deficient in is why more students and schools are coming together to help spread awareness within communities and around the world. Suicide has become a big issue in todays generation, especially for teens. Suicide is now known as the third leading cause of death among youth all around the worldRead MoreTeen Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death For High School Students1396 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years teen suicide has increased tremendously. According to Michael Jellinek, â€Å"the adolescent may feel they have no choice but to end their intense internal suffering or to solve a hopeless dilemma by ending it all†(Preventing Teen Suicide). According to the Center of Disease Prevention, â€Å"suicide is the third-leading cause of death for high school students after car accidents and homicides†(Bratsis). Everyday teens are faced with internal struggles and challenges that are difficult to copeRead MoreSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death1191 Words   |  5 Pages Suicide is the Third Leading Cause of Death in Adolescence Connie Yonn West Coast University Suicide behavior arise in adolescence, a period when significant mood and disturb behavior preoccupied with death (Stoep, 2009). Teen suicide rates are disturbing and have been increasing in the current years base on statistic (Croft, 2016).  The increasing number of teen suicide have cause awareness and brought attention to observance in teen suicide (Croft, 2016). It is said to be the third leading causeRead MoreBreaking News : Teen Commits Suicide1222 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"BREAKING NEWS: TEEN COMMITS SUICIDE† is not an unusual headline to read. Time and time again teens are making the choice to end their lives much like Richard Kirchoff’s son, Ryan Kirchoff, who took his life at the young age of 18. Kirchoff’s son was a normal kid who had many friends, a loving family, and dreamt that he would become a successful doctor, but all was taken away after he made the decision to take his life. Ryan had depression and refused to seek help from the people he trusted resultingRead MoreTeen Suicide Essays1064 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom cancer, getting shot, or car accidents, but by their own hands. They make the choice to take their lives; they commit suicide. To begin, what is â€Å"Suicide†? According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, suicide is the act or instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally. The number of teenagers who take their lives is rapidly increasing each year. Teen suicide is escalating out of control and no one seems to realize just how severe the issue has become. Every day and average of

Essay on Applications of Magnetism in the Computer...

Many aspects of Computer Engineering are affected by the study of Magnetism. Unlike many fields of study, however, magnetism can be both helpful and harmful when it comes to many of the devices used in computers. One of the most basic examples of the use of magnetism in conjunction with computers is the hard drive. Nowadays, hard drives are used in many different consumer electronics products from computers to mp3 players to game consoles. A hard drive is used to store large amounts of data, and also to retrieve stored data quickly. A hard drive works by storing data in the form of tiny magnetic domains onto a magnetic ‘platter’. The platter is made up of thousands of tiny magnetic domains. Within each domain, a northern charge†¦show more content†¦In a CRT monitor, a piece of heated filament plays the part of the cathode. As it is heated inside the vacuum present inside the tube, it gives off a stream of electrons, which are attracted by a positive anod e. The anode focuses and accelerates the stream of electrons towards the front of the display. The stream of electrons is steered by two copper coils – one to steer the electrons vertically, and the other to adjust their horizontal trajectory. These coils create an electromagnetic field which adjusts the path of the electron towards the front of the screen. The front of the tube is coated with phosphors which glow then struck by an electron. To display an image, the beam starts in the upper left corner, and paints from left to right. Once the beam reaches the edge of the screen, it travels all the way back to the left side, down a pixel, and starts over. The different shades of colors are created by changing the intensity of the beam, giving you intensities varying from white to black. When you attach a magnet to the screen, it attracts the beam of electrons, and can cause it to hit the wrong phosphor, displaying distortions in both color and picture. Even when you r emove the magnet, sometimes the distortion on the screen will stay, giving you a veritable rainbow of mismatched colors. The reason behind this is that even though the magnet was only attached for a short period of time, that period of time was enough to give a slight magnetic charge toShow MoreRelatedModern Potentials And Applications Of Ferrofluids1252 Words   |  6 Pagesthe modern potentials and applications of ferrofluids? Ferrofluids have current applications in a variety of fields and continue to have potentials for further advancements in others. With research of the first ferrofluid in 1963 by Steven Papell with N.A.S.A., ferrofluids have been used to provide advancements in the field of technology. In modern times, ferrofluids are used in speakers for their relationship with magnetism and heat; as well ferrofluids are used in computer hard drives for their uniqueRead MoreElectrical Engineering : Electrical Engineer1150 Words   |  5 PagesElectrical Engineering: Just like any engineer, electrical engineers are also problem solvers. They design, invent and test newly developed equipment that came from a simple idea. They deal with electricity, electro-magnetism and electronics. Electrical engineers also deal with telecommunication, power, control systems and signal processing. Electrical engineers will usually use computers in order to design their ideas, yet some still prefer to hand draw everything. They will usually focus on productsRead MoreMulti Point Haptic Feedback Above Interactive Surfaces1049 Words   |  5 PagesMohamed Abdel Wahab Computer Science Nile University Giza/ Egypt m.abdelwahab@nu.edu.eg Abstract This paper introduces UltraHaptics, a new technology designed to provide multi-point mid-air haptic feedback above an interactive surface. The technology depends on focusing ultrasound to project separated points of haptic feedback through the display and then directly to the user’s bare hands. This new technology is simple and accessible, which make it easy to enter different fields of industry and haveRead MoreDeformation Behavior Of Metallic Greys Lab Report935 Words   |  4 Pages(2008) reported a tensile elongation about 20,000% for a deformed La55Al25Ni20 BMG alloy in the supercooled region. 2.1.4 Present and Future Applications The first report of a commercial use of a Zr-based BMG was the confection of golf clubs (JOHNSON, 2015). Liquidmetal Technologies Company made the first attempt to industrialize the use of this new engineering material. They were unsuccessful for two main reasons: (1) the newly developed die-casting route introduced flow lines on the surface of theRead MoreThe Benefits Of Wearable Devices941 Words   |  4 PagesSmartwatches are ever evolving and aiming to transform various spectres of technology and applications. They are not just a high-tech fashion accessory for millennials, or the next wave of mobile devices for on-the-go consumers. For example, Reemo is currently planning a solution which provides assistive tech to seniors. By using both Samsung Gear S2 smartwatch and SmartThings connected home technology; Reemo helps seniors to perform daily household tasks within couple of seconds. By simple handRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Audio On The Audio Engineering Industry2046 Words   |  9 PagesDevelopment of Digital Audio The development of digital audio has drastically changed the Audio Engineering Industry. While it is debatable whether the change is for the better, I believe that the increased editing flexibility, cost effectiveness, convenient storage, as well as many other advantages offered, make digital audio the clear winner over purely analog setups. It is not my intention to debate whether analog sounds better than digital or vice versa; rather, it is my intention to discussRead MoreThe History Of Quantum Computing1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of quantum information science is undergoing rapid growth, and is leading to many new and exciting discoveries with applications in computer science, communication, encryption, and elsewhere. One application is quantum computing, which uses quantum â€Å"qubits† instead of classical bits, and has the potential to allow researchers to solve certain previously intractable problems in a much shorter timeframe. Another is quantum cryptogra phy, which allows for theoretically unbreakable encryptionRead MoreInformation Technology3745 Words   |  15 PagesEnglish Bachelor of Information Technology First Year First Semester Course Description: This course is designed for the students of BIT level: first year first semester of Purbanchal University who have completed either Diploma level in Engineering or I.Sc. or +2 from any institution recognized by this university. It intends to develop and strengthen in students the basic and communicative skills in the English language with emphasis on speaking, reading and writing. Course Objectives: Read MoreUniversity of Nairobi Bsc. Civil Engineering Degree Programme Details6511 Words   |  27 PagesStudent Life Research Contact Us Home Academics Degree Programmes Degree Information Degree Regulation A-Z List of UON Departm ets a b c d e f g h ijklmn o p q r s t u v w x y z B.sc. (civil Engineering) Degree Code: F16 Duration: 5 Faculty/School/Institute offered: SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Regulations Introduction General Regulations Course Outline Course Description Further Information Entry Requirements Course Description FIRST YEAR OF STUDY - SEMESTER I FCE 101 - Communication SkillsRead MoreElectronics and Communication Engineering (Ece) Syllabus Book R075299 Words   |  22 Pages2007-2008 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD B.TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING I YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject English Mathematics - I Mathematical Methods Applied Physics C Programming and Data Structures Network Analysis Electronic Devices and Circuits Engineering Drawing Computer Programming Lab. IT Workshop Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab English Language Communication Skills Lab. Total T 2+1 3+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 25 P/D 3 3 3 3 3 15 C 4 6 6 4

Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. Answer: Introduction: Critical Path Method or CPM is a stepwise technique of project management that is used for planning of strategies for the various processes that identifies critical and non-critical tasks to prevent time and process related issues in the project. The CPM is generally applied to those projects that have numerous activities interacting in a complicated pattern (Bhme et al. 2012). The steps of applying Critical Path Method to a project are as follows: The tasks of the project are required to be defined and listed sequentially. Relevant diagrams and flowcharts are required to be made that specifies the relation of the tasks with each other. The critical and non-critical relations within the tasks need to be recognised and segmented. The approximate completion time for each task is to be determined. Backup plans should be made for the most critical tasks (Schwalbe 2015). Planning Software and its Utility in Project Management The most popularly used and admired tool for the planning and management of any kind of project of any size is MS Project developed by Microsoft Corporation. It helps a team to complete projects with ease by providing built-in project management and planning templates, easy tools for scheduling the steps of performing a project and ease of access from any type of computing device like laptop, computer, tab and mobile phone. The MS Project helps the team to plan the shortest and easiest path to proceed in the project that requires less time and resource (Products.office.com 2017). Monitoring Project Progress The progress of a project can be easily monitored by using the various features of the MS Project Management Software. Each individual related to the project can upload progress report on daily basis and overall report on weekly basis in the MS Project, which can be viewed and updated by all the team members and manager of the project. The upcoming methods of execution of the project can also be shared within the project personnel so that the manager and others get an idea on the proceedings of the project (Products.office.com 2017). To ensure a successful project management it is the duty of the project manager to take frequent follow ups on the progress of the project from the team members of the project. This can be done easily by using a project planning software such as the MS Project the project team can upload daily or weekly reports on the progress of the project in the form of Gantt charts, Timeline charts, Spreadsheets, Excel Sheets, and such. The manager can also arrange for weekly meetings with the team of the project and discuss the progress of the project and the future planning regarding the progress of the project (Young 2013). Changes possible in an IS/IT Project and their Management Three types of changes are there that can be experienced in an IS/IT Project: Developmental Change This type of change is made within a project when some sudden modifications or alterations are required to be made within the project. The whole situation of the project is not altered; rather a part of it is modified (Lee, Bull and Ho 2013). Transitional Change This type of change occurs when it becomes necessary to implement a new method or strategy in the project. The previous course of actions of the project is discarded and new ones are implemented (Kerzner 2013). Transformational Change This type of change generally occur when a new process is born because of failure of a previous process. It is an uncontrolled change that cannot be prevented from occurring but can be modified gradually (Hayes 2014). The changes can be managed by implementing proper change control methodology within the project and if the type of change can be identified within the project, the manager can control the reactions of the team members to the changes (Hayes 2014). References Bhme, D., Wolf, F., de Supinski, B.R., Schulz, M. and Geimer, M., 2012, May. Scalable critical-path based performance analysis. In Parallel Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), 2012 IEEE 26th International (pp. 1330-1340). IEEE. Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kerzner, H., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Products.office.com. 2017. Microsoft Project Management, Templates, Scheduling, Tools. [online] Available at: https://products.office.com/en-in/project/project-management [Accessed 27 Aug. 2017]. Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Young, T.L., 2013. Successful project management (Vol. 52). Kogan Page Publishers.

Socratic Philosophy Essays - Educational Psychology, Problem Solving

Socratic Philosophy Philosophy of Education Learning is a complex process aquired through a variety of experiences. Cooperation between a teacher and student facilitates the greatest growth in each student's intellectual, social, emotional, and physical development. Cirriculum must be relevant to the needs of individuals while enhancing both respect and communication within a multicultural society. A supportive enviroment allows student's to develop a positive attitude towards learning for life. Students do not get bored or lose concentration if they are actively participating. If lesson plans permit, students will participate actively in unison or one after another. The Socratic method allows students to learn for themselves. As the educator, you produce questions to the class that allow them to think and work together which also allows them to learn together. For instance, without lecturing to the class, a lesson could be taught in a health education by asking questions about their reading assignment. ?What are the benefits of not smoking In response, the class works in unison to piece together the answers. This improves social skills, which stated before, will improve violence and behavior issues. The chief benefits of this method are that it excites students' curiosity and arouses their thinking, rather than stifling it. It also makes teaching more interesting, because most of the time, you learn more from the students -- or by what they make you think of -- than what you knew going into the class. Each group of students is just enough different, that it makes it stimulating. It is a very efficient teaching method, because the first time through tends to cover the topic very thoroughly, in terms of their understanding it. It is more efficient for their learning then lecturing to them is, though, of course, a teacher can lecture in less time. Finally, two of the interesting, perhaps side, benefits of using the Socratic method are that it gives the students a chance to experience the attendant joy and excitement of discovering (often complex) ideas on their own. And it gives teachers a chance to learn how much more inventive and bright a great many more students are than usually appear to be when they are primarily passive. Students do not get bored or lose concentration if they are actively participating. Almost all of these children participated the whole time; often calling out in unison or one after another. If necessary, I could have asked if anyone thought some answer might be wrong, or if anyone agreed with a particular answer. You get extra mileage out of a given question that way. I did not have to do that here. Their answers were almost all immediate and very good. If necessary, you can also call on particular students; if they don't know, other students will bail them out. Calling on someone in a non-threatening way tends to activate others who might otherwise remain silent. That was not a problem with these kids. Remember, this was not a gifted class. It was a normal suburban third grade of whom two teachers had said only a few students would be able to understand the ideas. The chief benefits of this method are that it excites students' curiosity and arouses their thinking, rather than stifling it. It also makes teaching more interesting, because most of the time, you learn more from the students -- or by what they make you think of -- than what you knew going into the class. Each group of students is just enough different, that it makes it stimulating. It is a very efficient teaching method, because the first time through tends to cover the topic very thoroughly, in terms of their understanding it. It is more efficient for their learning then lecturing to them is, though, of course, a teacher can lecture in less time. It gives constant feed-back and thus allows monitoring of the students' understanding as you go. So you know what problems and misunderstandings or lack of understandings you need to address as you are presenting the material. You do not need to wait to give a quiz or exam; the whole thing is one big quiz as you go, though a quiz whose point is teaching, not grading. Though, to repeat,

How Grapes of Wrath Relates to Our Modern Lives essays

How Grapes of Wrath Relates to Our Modern Lives essays Sometimes we must do the right thing even if its not the best thing for us. This is shown in The Grapes of Wrath when Casy and Tom stand up for the strikers even though they have no personal stake what so ever in the strike. They prefer to help the people instead of sitting around, watching what happens to them. Casy and Tom are strong believers in freedom, and cannot endure themselves as they look at the strikers standing for so long to achieve their goal. They were also doing it to support themselves through the novel, trying to motivate themselves to fight for what they believe in. People today have also been in the same situations as these men. The bombing of the World Trade Center could have been avoided if we did not go and help the Iraqis with their problems. However, our President felt sympathetic towards the Iraqi people and wanted to help them all he could to achieve their own freedom. That could have been all clearly avoided, but it is human nature to feel guilt towards things that happen. Gay marriages could also have been left alone, but our President feared of the future and did what he thought was right for his country. Asiana Airlines went through the same situation that Casy and Tom went through. The airline workers all went on strike because they were not being paid fair wages. They could have let it pass and just deal with the low wages, but they wanted their freedom and deserved more than that had. There are many causes that would make me react the same way was Tom and Casy did at their strike. White-harp seals are my favorite mammals and would love to help them regain their population in the world. They are harmless creatures and poachers are killing them for their skin every day. To me, that is not an act of humanity but an act of cruelty. Humans should not be the only living creatures out in the world to set punishment on murder and what not. Animals in the animal kingdom deserve the ...

ACT Score Chart Raw Score Conversion to Scaled Score

ACT Score Chart Raw Score Conversion to Scaled Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've taken an ACT practice test, you've probably wondered how the questions you answer on each test section translate to a final score out of 36 points. What is a raw ACT score? What about a scale score? How does one score affect the other? In this article, we explain what the equating process for the ACT is and give you info on how your raw scores translate to scale scores for each section of the test. What Is a Raw ACT Score? A Scale ACT Score? First off, what do we mean by "raw ACT scores" and "scale ACT scores"? Your raw score is the total number of questions you get right in a section. This goes for English, Math, Reading, and Science (Writing, however, is scored a bit differently). For example, if you got 70 out of 75 English questions right, your raw English score would be 70. By contrast, a scale score is the final score you get for each section, on a scale of 1-36. Specifically, it's a translation of your raw score via an equating process developed by ACT, Inc. If you've taken ACT practice tests, you probably noticed that your raw scores don't always translate into the same scale scores. Through this equating process, ACT, Inc., can account for differences and ultimately ensure that scores are consistent across test dates. This means, for example, that a 30 on the April ACT will represent the same level of skill as a 30 on the June ACT will. Confused? Let's use an example. Say you took the ACT in September and your friend took a different ACT in October. Both of you got 22 out of 40 questions right on the Reading section, but your friend scored a 21 scale Reading score while you only scored a 19. What gives? Remember that the same scale scores on different ACTs indicate the same ability. Thus, this 2-point difference doesn't mean that your friend simply lucked out- it means that your friend got a harder ACT Reading section than you did. In other words, because your Reading section was easier, you would've needed to score more raw points (i.e., get more questions right) on it to get the same scale score (21) as your friend. Raw ACT Score to Scale Score Conversion Chart As you know, equating an ACT raw score to a scale score allows for comparisons between various test versions and all test takers (regardless of what month or year you took the ACT). But how can you know exactly how a raw score will convert into a scale score? The short answer is, you can't. ACT, Inc., is pretty secretive about its equating process, so there's no way to know for sure how a raw score on one ACT will translate into a scale score. What's more, since every official ACT test is equated differently, each has its own raw-score-to-scale-score conversion chart. For example, here are the conversion charts for the 2018-19 and 2017-2018 official ACT practice tests (from the "Preparing for the ACT" PDF): 2018-2019 Scale Score English Math Reading Science Scale Score 36 74-75 59-60 40 40 36 35 71-73 57-58 38-39 - 35 34 70 55-56 37 39 34 33 69 54 36 38 33 32 68 53 34-35 - 32 31 67 51-52 33 37 31 30 66 49-50 32 36 30 29 64-65 47-48 31 - 29 28 63 45-46 30 35 28 27 61-62 42-44 - 34 27 26 59-60 39-41 29 32-33 26 25 56-68 37-38 28 31 25 24 53-55 34-36 26-27 29-30 24 23 50-52 32-33 25 26-28 23 22 47-49 31 23-24 24-25 22 21 44-46 29-30 22 22-23 21 20 41-43 27-28 20-21 20-21 20 19 39-40 25-26 19 18-19 19 18 37-38 22-24 18 17 18 17 35-36 19-21 16-17 15-16 17 16 32-34 16-18 15 14 16 15 29-31 13-15 14 13 15 14 26-28 10-12 12-13 -12 14 13 24-25 8-9 10 13 12 22-23 7 10 9 12 19-21 5-6 8-9 8 10 16-18 4 7 7 10 9 13-15 - 6 6 9 8 -12 3 5 5 8 7 9-10 - - 4 7 6 7-8 2 4 3 6 5 6 - 3 - 5 4 4-5 1 2 2 4 3 3 - - 1 3 2 2 - 1 - 2 1 0-1 0 0 0 1 2018-19 Official ACT Score Chart 2017-2018 Scale Score English Math Reading Science Scale Score 36 75 60 40 40 36 35 72-74 58-59 39 39 35 34 71 57 38 38 34 33 70 55-56 37 37 33 32 68-69 54 35-36 - 32 31 67 52-53 34 36 31 30 66 50-51 33 35 30 29 65 48-49 32 34 29 28 63-64 45-47 31 33 28 27 62 43-44 30 32 27 26 60-61 40-42 29 30-31 26 25 58-59 38-39 28 28-29 25 24 56-57 36-37 27 26-27 24 23 53-55 34-35 25-26 24-25 23 22 51-52 32-33 24 22-23 22 21 48-50 30-31 22-23 21 21 20 45-47 29 21 19-20 20 19 43-44 27-28 19-20 17-18 19 18 41-42 24-26 18 16 18 17 39-40 21-23 17 14-15 17 16 36-38 17-20 15-16 13 16 15 32-35 13-16 14 12 15 14 29-31 -12 12-13 14 13 27-28 8-10 10 13 12 25-26 7 9-10 9 12 23-24 5-6 8 8 10 20-22 4 6-7 7 10 9 18-19 - - 5-6 9 8 15-17 3 5 - 8 7 12-14 - 4 4 7 6 10- 2 3 3 6 5 8-9 - - 2 5 4 6-7 1 2 - 4 3 4-5 - - 1 3 2 2-3 - 1 - 2 1 0-1 0 0 0 1 2017-18 Official ACT Score Chart You can see here that raw ACT scores from different tests don't always convert into the same scale scores. As a result, there's no one-size-fits-all chart you can use to predict score conversions. ACTs are like shoes: one size doesn't fit all of them! That said, if you want to estimate a raw-score-to-scale-score conversion, you can use any available conversion chart from an official ACT practice test. While it won't be 100 percent accurate, it can give you a good understanding of where you need improvement. Another (better) option is to use the chart below. This chart shows how raw ACT scores generally translate into scale scores on any ACT. We calculated these raw scores (and score ranges) by taking the averages of the raw scores for each scale score on all six official ACT score charts. Once again, while this chart won't give you a perfectly accurate conversion (the most accurate ACT score chart will be the one for your specific test), it's as close as we can get to a "one-size-fits-all" ACT score conversion chart. Scale Score English Math Reading Science Scale Score 36 75 60 40 40 36 35 73-74 58-59 39 39 35 34 71-72 57 37-38 - 34 33 70 55-56 36 37-38 33 32 69 54 - - 32 31 68 52-53 35 - 31 30 67 51 34 36 30 29 65-66 49-50 33 35 29 28 64 47-48 31-32 34 28 27 62-63 44-46 30 33 27 26 60-61 41-43 29 31-32 26 25 58-59 39-40 28 29-30 25 24 55-57 37-38 27 28 24 23 53-54 35-36 25-26 26-27 23 22 51-52 33-34 24 24-25 22 21 48-50 31-32 23 22-23 21 20 45-47 29-30 21-22 20-21 20 19 42-44 28.000 20 18-19 19 18 40-41 25-27 19 17 18 17 38-39 21-24 18 15-16 17 16 35-37 18-20 16-17 14 16 15 32-34 14-17 15 13 15 14 29-31 -13 13-14 -12 14 13 27-28 9-10 12 10 13 12 25-26 7-8 10- 9 12 24 6 8-9 8 10 20-23 5 7 7 10 9 18-19 4 6 6 9 8 15-17 3 5 5 8 7 12-14 - 4 4 7 6 10- 2 - 3 6 5 8-9 - 3 2 5 4 6-7 1 2 - 4 3 4-5 - - 1 3 2 2-3 - 1 - 2 1 0-1 0 0 0 1 As you can see, your raw ACT scores don't tell you much about how your scores compare with those of other test takers. Since each ACT differs in content and difficulty, you'll need your test's conversion chart in order to get accurate scale scores and be able to compare your scores with other students'. Scale scores, on the other hand, reflect how well you did in relation to other test takers who took any variation of the ACT. So if a test is relatively easy and more people did better on it than usual, higher raw scores will be needed to get certain scale scores. By contrast, if a test is especially difficult, slightly lower raw scores will net you those same scale scores. If you took the ACT with Writing, note that your ACT Writing score is not part of your composite score out of 36. While colleges generally look closest at your composite score, a high essay score can definitely raise your chances of admission, so be sure to do your best on it! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Tired of wasting time prepping in ways that don't work? We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. It's the best prep program available right now. Best of all, we guarantee your money back if you don't improve your score by 4 points or more. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Improve Your ACT Score by 4+ Points, Guaranteed How to Calculate Your Scale ACT Score: 4 Easy Steps Now that you've seen how official ACT score charts work, how can you use them to estimate your own scale scores based on your raw scores from an ACT practice test? Follow the four simple steps below to get started. Step 1: Find the ACT Score Chart for Your Test If you've taken an official ACT practice test, your score chart will come near the end of the test PDF. For example, if you took the newest 2017-18 ACT test, you'll use the score chart that comes at the end of this test (pictured above). Don't use a chart from a different practice test. Each test is equated differently, so you'll get the most accurate scale score when you use the chart for your specific test. What if you took an unofficial ACT practice test, though? In this case, it's best to use the average ACT score chart given above. While this won't be 100 percent accurate, it'll give you the closest idea you can get as to how your raw scores will likely translate into scale scores. Step 2: Calculate Your Raw Score for Each Section Now that you've got a score chart, it's time to calculate your raw scores for each section. To do this, simply use your test's answer key to add up all the correct answers you got on each ACT section. For example, if you answered 60 out of 75 English questions correctly, your raw English score would be 60. I recommend writing down your raw scores on a piece of paper so you don't forget them. Step 3: Convert Your Raw Section Scores to Scale Scores Now, it's time to use your raw scores and score chart to find your ACT scale scores. Using a chart is simple: all you do is locate your raw score for each section and then look across to see which scale score it corresponds to. For example, if you took the 2017-18 practice test and got a raw English score of 60, your scale English score would come out to 26: Do this for every raw section score until you have four scale scores (each out of 36). Step 4: Figure Out Your Composite Scale Score Once you have your four scale scores (one each for English, Math, Reading, and Science), you can calculate your scale composite score, which uses a scale of 1-36 and is equivalent to the average of the four section (scale) scores. For example, let's say these were the scale scores I got on my practice ACT: English: 26 Math: 30 Reading: 28 Science: 27 To get a composite score, all I need to do is add up the four section scores and then divide their sum by four. In our example, this would look like this: 26 + 30 + 28 + 27 = 1. Now, I just need to divide this sum by 4: 1 / 4 = 27.75. If you get a decimal as I did, you'll need to round your score to the nearest whole number. Here, 27.75 would round up to give me a final composite ACT score of 28. Nearly every college and university in the United States accepts both SAT and ACT scores. However, for some of these schools, there is a significant difference between the level of SAT scores and the level of ACT scores of admitted students. What schools accept students with comparatively lower SAT scores, and what schools accept students with comparatively lower ACT scores? We've gathered our proprietary research on this topic and analysis of what these score differences mean for your testing and application strategies into a comprehensive guide. Final Words: The Importance of Raw and Scale ACT Scores There are two types of scores on the ACT: raw and scale scores. Raw scores are equal to the number of questions you answer correctly, whereas scale scores are final scaled versions of raw scores. How raw scores translate into scale scores can vary depending on the ACT or ACT practice test you take. ACT, Inc., uses this equating process so that the difficulty of different ACTs doesn't affect test takers' final scores. This process also allows scores to be compared across all test dates (in other words, a 30 will always represent the same skill level, regardless of when you take the ACT). To convert your raw ACT scores to scale scores, you'll need to find the score chart for your specific test. All official ACT practice tests have their own individual score charts (remember, these charts, and thus their raw-score-to-scale-score conversions, will differ with each test!). If you don't have a chart for your practice test, you can instead use the average conversions in our chart above. This won't give you perfect conversions, but they should be close enough to give you a rough idea of what your scale scores are. Calculating your scale scores is a super helpful tool for test prep- you'll not only see where you're currently scoring, but also how much you need to improve by in order to hit your ACT goal score! What’s Next? Got more questions about ACT scoring? Check out our articles on how the ACT is scored and ACT score percentiles to learn what the current trends are and how you can use this info to your advantage. Not sure what ACT score to aim for? Then definitely take a look at our in-depth guide to good and bad ACT scores to get tips on how to find your goal score. And if you're aiming for a perfect 36, read our expert guide written by a real full scorer! Need help interpreting your ACT results? We've got you covered! With our guide, you'll learn how to read your ACT score report as well as how to address your biggest content weaknesses. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Design, Drawing and Practical Skills Assignment

Design, Drawing and Practical Skills - Assignment Example This shows that design specification is important for design process. Its aim is to make sure that the succeeding design and development of a device meets the requirements of the end-user. A design specification ought to consist of all essential drawings, environmental factors, dimensions, aesthetic factors, ergonomic factors, cost and maintenance required, safety, quality, description and documentation. It also gives specific instances of the manner the design of the device should be implemented, assisting designers work efficiently. It is approved and reviewed by system owner, developer, and quality assurance. Quality Assurance symbols to guarantee that the document conforms to appropriate policy and that all demands were effectively addressed; however, they do not need to evaluate technical data. The design document must be broad enough for the developer to initiate work. The specification does not have to give details ‘how’ it is to be implemented rather ‘whatà ¢â‚¬â„¢ ought to be executed (Villar 2003). This is essential for the concept selection since it aid the developers on making appropriate choices of what must be done. Concept selection denotes the process of assessing concepts in reverence to client needs and other assessment mechanism, comparing comparative strengths and flaws of concepts, and choosing one or more ideas for further study and testing, or design process (Bell and Bell 1997). A structured technique for concept selection assists to sustain objectivity during the concept stage of product production and controls the product development group via a critical, hard and emotional procedure; this is attainable through well-written design specification (Bell and Bell 1997). Project management as an administration regulation underpins much economic responsibility. It is the driving might behind any

Aircraft engineering essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aircraft engineering - Essay Example 129-132). With these definitions, the paper shall look at the differences that exist between a degree program and a training course while examining the professional development that is needed for one to prepare him or herself for a degree program.. Hence, this is a vital topic that shall help explain and clear out the thoughts in a way or the other where possible. A great feature of degree programs is their generality. They tend to teach the student a collection of knowledge that is diverse in the concept it avails. Thus, it is up to the student to determine the place he or she will obtain the degree program. A degree program needs a student who has passed in all of his or her previous modes of study. Thus, there is a procedure that is followed, which requires him or her to show that what he or she has achieved academically is true. Thus, degree programs include courses in education that avail a large array of certain subjects. The person has to make a decision for wanting to pursue a certain degree program. Training courses tend to be specific in terms of what they cover unlike degree programs that are general. The specificity of training programs make them unique to a certain group of people. By being particular, training courses differ from degree programs as their coverage is minimised. However, it depends on training that is being offered, unlike in degree programs where training is availed for multiple things that will help an individual to be an all-round person who is knowledgeable and ready for so many differing aspects in life. The specificity of training courses is determined by the aim, the role, and the problem to be solved. This is not the same for degree programs because it is stipulated that people follow a specific curriculum and complete a certain number of subjects as required in the degree program. Due to the differences in the specificity and generalization of the training courses and degree programs, the number of

Status of Women Empowerment in India Essay Example for Free

Status of Women Empowerment in India Essay Presented By Ankur Sharma Faculty:Institute of Rural Management, Jodhpur Meaning of Empowerment: On an individual level we see empowerment as building confidence, insight and understanding, and developing personal skills, for example, being able to analyze situations and communicate more effectively with others. Meaning of Women Empowerment:Women Empowerment means to inspire women with the courage to break free from the chains of limiting beliefs, patterns and societal or religious conditions that have traditionally kept women suppressed and unable to realize their true beauty and power. Women Empowerment In India:However indian economy is progressing in terms of GDP Per Capita Income but still women empowerment is a big concern for our country.Still conditions of womens are pathetic in our countries. There are many areas where we have to think about seriously should be taken positive steps to eridicate such kind of sociel evils from our society.As being an part of society,its our duty that we should also contribute to the society try to bring awareness among people.we should not underestimate womens just not only the basis of Physical strenth.Rather they are equally competent to us even in terms of their intellectual power or in terms of there emotional intellegence.Here we are discussing some major areas that requires a big concern: Domestic Violance: Domestic violence in India is endemic and widespread predominantly against women. Around 70% of women in India are victims to domestic violence according to Renuka Chowdhury junior minister for women and child development. National Crime Records Bureau reveal that a crime against a women is committed every three minutes, a women is raped every 29 minutes, a dowry death occurs every 77 minutes and one case of cruelty committed by either the husband or relative of the victim. | Domestic violence in India often happens as a result of dowry demands.According to Unicefs Global Report Card on Adolescents 2012, 57% boys in India think a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife while around 53% girls think that a husband is justified in beating his wife.Domestic violence is known to happen in Upper Class families as well as NRI families. Gender Discrimnation: Infancy to childhood The cultural construct of Indian society which reinforces gender bias against women, has led to the continuation of India’s strong preference for male children. Female infanticide, a sex-selective abortion, is adopted and strongly reflects the low status of Indian women. Census 2011 shows a decline of girl population under the age of seven, with activists estimating that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted in the past decade.The 2005 census shows infant mortality figures for females and males are 61 and 56, respectively, out of 1000 live births, with females more likely to be aborted than males due to biased attitudes. A decline in the sex ratio was observed with India’s 2011 census reporting that it stands at 914 females against 1,000 males, a drop from 927 in 2001 the lowest since India’s independence. The demand for sons among wealthy parents is being satisfied by the medical community through the provision of illegal services of fetal sex-determination and sex-selective abortion. The financial incentive for physicians to undertake this illegal activity seems to be far greater than the penalties associated with breaking the law. Childhood to adulthood (education): Education is not widely attained by the Indian women. Although literacy rates are increasing, female literacy rates lags behind the male literacy rate. Literacy Rate Census of India 2001 and 2011 Comparison Literacy for females stands at 65.46%, compared to 82.14% for males.An underlying factor for such low literacy rates are parents perceptions that education for girls are a waste of resources as their daughters would eventually live with their husbands families and they will not benefit directly from the education investment. Adulthood and onwards: Discrimination against women has contributed to gender wage differentials, with Indian women on average earning 64% of what their male counterparts earn for the same occupation and level of qualification. Discrimination against women has led to their lack of autonomy and authority. Although equal rights are given to women, it may not be well recognized. In practice, land and property rights are weakly enforced, with customary laws widely practiced in rural areas. Women do not own property under their own names  and usually do not have any inheritance rights to obtain a share of parental property. Education and economic development: According to 1992-93 figures, only 9.2% of the households in India were female-headed. However, approximately 35% of the households below the poverty line were found to be female-headed. Education: Though it is gradually rising, the female literacy rate in India is lower than the male literacy rate.Compared to boys, far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools, and many of them drop out.According to the National Sample Survey Data of 1997, only the states of Kerala and Mizoram have approached universal female literacy rates. According to majority of the scholars, the major factor behind the improved social and economic status of women in Kerala is literacy. Under Non-Formal Education programme (NFE), about 40% of the centres in states and 10% of the centres in UTs are exclusively reserved for females. As of 2000, about 0.3 million NFE centres were catering to about 7.42 million children, out of which about 0.12 million were exclusively for girls. urban India, girls are nearly at par with the boys in terms of education. However, in rural India girls continue to be less educated than the boys. According to a 1998 report by U.S. Department of Commerce, the chief barrier to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in curriculum (majority of the female characters being depicted as weak and helpless). Workforce participation: Contrary to the common perception, a large percent of women in India work. The National data collection agencies accept the fact that there is a serious under-estimation of womens contribution as workers. However, there are far fewer women in the paid workforce than there are men. In urban India Women have impressive number in the workforce. As an example at software industry 30% of the workforce is female.They are at par with their male counterparts in terms of wages, position at the work place. In rural India, agriculture and allied industrial sectors employ as much as 89.5% of the total female labour. In overall farm production, womens average contribution is estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour. According to a  1991 World Bank report, women accounted for 94% of total employment in dairy production in India. Women constitute 51% of the total employed in forest-based small-scale enterprises. One of the most famous female business success stories is the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad. In 2006, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw,who started Biocon one of Indias first biotech companies, was rated Indias richest woman. Lalita D. Gupte and Kalpana Morparia were the only businesswomen in India who made the list of the Forbes Worlds Most Powerful Women in 2006. Chanda Kochher Indias second-largest bank, ICICI Bank, and Morparia is the CEO of JPMorgan India. Land and property rights: In most Indian families, women do not own any property in their own names, and do not get a share of parental property.Due to weak enforcement of laws protecting them, women continue to have little access to land and property.In fact, some of the laws discriminate against women, when it comes to land and property rights. The Hindu personal laws of mid-1956s (applied to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains) gave women rights to inheritance. However, the sons had an independent share in the ancestral property, while the daughters shares were based on the share received by their father. Hence, a father could effectively disinherit a daughter by renouncing his share of the ancestral property, but the son will continue to have a share in his own right. Additionally, married daughters, even those facing marital harassment, had no residential rights in the ancestral home. After amendment of Hindu laws in 2005, now women in have been provided the same status as that of men. Crimes against women: Police records show high incidence of crimes against women in India. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that the growth rate of crimes against women would be higher than the population growth rate by 2010.Earlier, many cases were not registered with the police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation cases. Official statistics show that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women. Acid Throwing: The Thomas Reuters Foundation survey says that India is the fourth most  dangerous place in the world for women to live in as women belonging to any class, caste or creed and religion can be victims of this cruel form of violence and disfigurement, a premeditated crime intended to kill or maim her permanently and act as a lesson to put her in her place. In India, acid attacks on women who dared to refuse a mans proposal of marriage or asked for a divorce are a form of revenge. Acid is cheap and easily available and is the quickest way to destroy a womans life. The number of acid attacks have been rising. Sexual harassment: Half of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990 related to molestation and harassment at the workplace. Eve teasing is a euphemism used for sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidents of sexual harassment against women on the influence of Western culture. In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner. In 1997, in a landmark judgement, the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers. Dowry: In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act, making the dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported. In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) rules were framed. According to these rules, a signed list of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom should be maintained. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of whoever has given the present and his/her relationship to the person. However, such rules are hardly enforced. A 1997 report claimed that at least 5,000 women die each year because of dowry deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in kitchen fires thought to be intentional. The term for this is bride burning and is criticized within India itself.  Amongst the urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced considerably. Child marriage: Child marriage has been traditionally prevalent in India and continues to this day. Historically, young girls would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, the child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaving heads, living in isolation, and shunned by the society.Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice. According to UNICEF’s â€Å"State of the World’s Children-2009† report, 47% of Indias women aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, with 56% in rural areas.The report also showed that 40% of the worlds child marriages occur in India. Female infanticides and sex selective abortions: India has a highly masculine sex ratio, the chief reason being that many women die before reaching adulthood.Tribal societies in India have a less masculine sex ratio than all other caste groups. This, in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far lower levels of income, literacy and health facilities.It is therefore suggested by many experts, that the highly masculine sex ratio in India can be attributed to female infanticides and sex-selective abortions. Ultrasound scans have been a major leap forward in the care of mother and baby, and with them becoming portable, these advantages have spread to rural populations. However, ultrasound scans can often reveal the sex of the baby, allowing pregnant women to decide to abort female foetuses and try again for a male child. This practice is usually considered to be the main reason for the change in the ratio of male to female children being born. In 1994 the Indian government passed a law forbidding women or their families from asking about the sex of the baby after an ultrasound scan (or any other test which would yield that information) and also expressly forbade doctors or any other staff from giving that information. However, in practice this law (like the one forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, and levels of the abortion on female foetuses remain high and the sex ratio at birth keeps getting worse. Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still prevalent in some rural areas.Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, for example families may not spend money on critical medicines or even just by withholding care from a  sick girl. The abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India. Trafficking: The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act was passed in 1956. However many cases of trafficking of young girls and women have been reported. These women are either forced into prostitution, domestic work or child labour. Other concerns: Health: The average female life expectancy today in India is low compared to many countries, but it has shown gradual improvement over the years. In many families, especially rural ones, the girls and women face nutritional discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished. The maternal mortality in India is the second highest in the world. Only 42% of births in the country are supervised by health professionals. Most women deliver with help from women in the family who often lack the skills and resources to save the mothers life if it is in danger. According to UNDP Human Development Report (1997), 88% of pregnant women (age 15-49) were found to be suffering from anaemia. Family planning: The average woman in rural areas of India has little or no control over her reproductivity. Women, particularly women in rural areas, do not have access to safe and self-controlled methods of contraception. The public health system emphasises permanent methods like sterilisation, or long-term methods like IUDs that do not need follow-up. Sterilization accounts for more than 75% of total contraception, with female sterilisation accounting for almost 95% of all sterilisations. Sex ratios: India has a highly skewed sex ratio this is attributed to the practice of sex selective abortions which kills approximately one million baby girls per year.The government stated that India is missing three million girls in 2011 and there are now 48 fewer girls per 1,000 boys than there were in 1981. Sanitation: In 2011 a Right to Pee (as called by the media) campaign began in Mumbai, Indias largest city.Women, but not men, have to pay to urinate in Mumbai, despite regulations against this practice. Women have also been sexually assaulted while urinating in fields.Thus, activists have collected more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants.In response, city officials have agreed to build hundreds of public toilets for women in Mumbai, and some local legislators are now promising to build toilets for women in every one of their districts. Notable Indian women: Education: Savitribai Phule was a social reformer who along with her husband, Mahatma Jotiba Phule played an important role in improving womens rights in India during the British Rule. Savitribai was the first female teacher of the first womens school in India and also considered as the pioneer of modern Marathi poetry. In 1852 she opened a school for Untouchable girls. Arts and entertainment: Singers and vocalists such as M.S. Subbulakshmi, Gangubai Hangal, Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle are widely revered in India. Anjolie Ela Menon is one of the famous painters. Sports: Although the general sports scenario in India is not very good, some Indian women have made notable achievements in the field. Some of the famous female sportspersons in Indian include P. T. Usha, J. J. Shobha (athletics), Kunjarani Devi (weightlifting), Diana Edulji (cricket), Saina Nehwal (badminton), Koneru Hampi (chess) and Sania Mirza (tennis). Female Olympic medalists from India include weightlifter Karnam Malleswari (bronze, 2000), Saina Nehwal (bronze, 2012), and boxer Mary Kom (bronze, 2012). Politics: Through the Panchayat Raj institutions, over a million women have actively entered political life in India.As per the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, all local elected bodies reserve one-third of their seats for women. Although the percentages of women in various levels of political activity has risen considerably, women are still under-represented in  governance and decisionmaking positions. Literature: Many well-known women writers are in Indian literature as poets and story writers. Sarojini Naidu, Kamala Surayya, Shobha De, Arundhati Roy, Anita Desai are some of them. Sarojini Naidu is called the nightingale of India. Arundhati Roy was awarded the Booker Prize (Man Booker Prize) for her novel The God of Small Things. we have to understand that without empowering women in india we can not compete amongest developed countries.Most of the women thinks that if they are getting respect in family or from husband,they are empowered.But this misconception should be removed from our society. Women in India feel proud to display that they are well protected and pampered by their husbands without realizing that they are making themselves helpless. Such womens economic literacy is so low that they cannot play any role in familys decision regarding familys budget, savings and investments. To such women, the national budget discussion is for men only and soap operas are for them. Such women su ffer a lot if something untoward happens to their husbands. This type of extreme dependency is not good for the development of women. Women should remember that they are also rational, intelligent and thinking human beings. Dependent women are not empowered women. If modern women think that they are empowered, its a myth for them. Empowerment means to inspire women with he courage to break free from the chains of limiting beliefs, patterns and societal or religious conditions that have traditionally kept women suppressed and unable to realize their true beauty and power. In India, the empowerment process has already begun. We are now witnessing a steady improvement in the enrollment of women in schools, colleges and even in profession institutes. Their health is better as compared to earlier decades. In this decade, women are entering into the job market in increasing numbers. They are showing their skills even in non-traditional sectors like police, defence, administration, media and research fields. Twenty-six laws have been enacted so far to protect women from various crimes. The recent law on the protection of women against domestic violence satisfies the long pending demand of the women activities. In the political field, the reservation for women is a significant step forward towards their political empowerment. When thirty-three percent reservation for women in Parliament becomes a reality,  womens voice will be heard in the highest forum of democracy. The day, women of India will reach zenith in their empowerment. But a lot of work has to be done as there is a category of women (who consider themselves highly educated) that proudly accepts that they dont have digital literacy even though they own a computer, they cannot even operate bank accounts or make travel arrangements for family or handle hospital admissions even during emergencies. Even for a simple task like social visits or shopping generally they need the company of their husbands. Conclusions: Empowerment by itself may not place women on an equal footing with men. The greatest need of the hour is change of social attitude to women. Take the classic case of dowry. Dowry is still rampant in a virulent form even among the highly educated a girl may be, dowry is still demanded. Women’s empowerment means a lot, but the ultimate goal of the equalization of man and woman would materialize only when her complementary role is recognized by the society. Sources: A)Women in India: wikipedia.org/wiki B)Publish your Article.com,Writer : MrMaahir Virani C)Data for Domestic ViolanceMrs Renuka Chowdhery,Junior Minister for Women Child Development. D)Data for Education and Economic Development:National Sample survey data 1997. E) Workforce Particiaption:1991 World Bank Report. F)Acid Throwing:The Thomas Reuters Foundation Survey.

Silence in a Classroom :: Learning Teach Teachers Papers

Silence in a Classroom How can silence be put to use in a feminist classroom? What are the positive ways to cultivate silence, ways which empower, rather than shut down? Audre Lorde has been widely quoted on the negative impacts of silence on women. She uses the term "silence" as an active verb; those with power have historically silenced others.But I am interested in the other implications for silence, namely, using silence as a tool:for discovery, creation, and real critical thinking.Our culture is afraid of silence.We bombard ourselves with cell phones, television and radio. Often the assumption is that if someone is not talking, it must be a "bad" thing.As teachers, we replicate this model in our classrooms.We feel that students must really be getting something out of our classes when they talk about what they are learning.But does talking always insure that a student has really processed the material and made it her own? Or is talking in class often another form of performing for the teacher? Particularly in a writing class, where students are practicing putting words down on the page, cultivating a silent space seems imperative.My belief is that the more students are encouraged to write rather than talk in the composition classroom, the more they will trust their stance as authors of their own pieces.Silence can be an opening into the untapped places where deep, explorative writing is created.Peter Elbow writes about "felt sense," the way we can feel whether or not our intentions are being expressed in our writing by "listening" to our bodies: The foundation of verbal meaning often lies in the silence of what is felt nonverbally and bodily.When writing goes well, it is often because we periodically pause and say, 'Is this what I mean to be saying?'It's amazing that we can answer that question:that we can tell whether a given set of words corresponds to an intention.The source of the answer is the feelings and the body-consulted in silence.When writing goes badly, it is often because we don't make these pauses for quiet consultations with felt sense. (Everyone Can Write 176) Many of our students are just learning to "trust" themselves as writers.Most haven't had the opportunity in high school to explore what writing can do for their thinking; they have been taught that "writing" is a product produced for a teacher.Student-centered pedagogy seeks to de-center teacher authority, and has moved away from traditional methods such as the lecture format to more group discussion.

Holmes and Watson Essay

Holmes requires Watson for companionship, for company, but more importantly as a sort of bodyguard, someone who will protect him. We have already seen, for example, how Holmes always lets Watson take the gun, for he himself does not want to be directly involved in any sort of violence. Holmes also bounces all of his theories and assumption of Watson, to see what his opinion is in the matter â€Å"What do you make it Watson† He would ask, just to see what Watson thought of the whole situation. Watson is someone who is not as clever or imaginative as Holmes, so he needs to follow Holmes lead, watching what Holmes does. Watson can be seen as the foil of the sword, Holmes being the tip of the sword. You can see that they both need each other to function efficiently, or neither work as well. Watson, although he doesn’t always have an important role in the stories, still has a important role because he is the narrator of the story, which means he is the link which connects us to Holmes world and he is the one who shows us the character of Holmes. At the start of the ‘Speckled Band’, we see the intimacy of these two friends â€Å"I woke one morning to find Sherlock Holmes standing, fully dressed, by the side of my bed. † This scene shows how close the two friends are, and shows that their relationship as one which is very intimate, very close. When Holmes introduces Watson here, he shows us that he regards Watson here as an equal telling Mrs Hudson that â€Å"This is my intimate friend and associate, Dr Watson before whom you can speak as freely as before myself†. Whilst Holmes doesn’t always regard Watson as an equal, perhaps this a time were he does. Watson is sort of a sound board that Holmes can relay his ideas off of, often asking for Watson’s opinion. He does this perhaps so that he can see if Watson does or does not agree with him, or perhaps so that we can here what Holmes makes of it. Another reason why Watson is our link towards Sherlock Holmes, why Watson is so very Important. During the Speckled band Watson is beside Holmes to protect Holmes form danger, in particular Dr Grimsby Roylott. There relationship in all of the stories is pretty similar, with Watson simply observing Holmes’s actions, whilst adding in personal thoughts of his own. Holmes and Watson are a team however, they solve the cases together. Although Holmes will sometimes not always require Watson’s protection, but also even some ideas â€Å"What do you make of that Watson? † Watson for example, during the adventure of ‘The Silver Blaze’ figures out something which Holmes could not see â€Å"The Horse was alone before† discovers Watson as he notices a mans tracks alongside the horses. Whilst Watson can figure out certain things for himself, he like Sergeant Gregory lacks the imagination that Holmes has. This is often why Watson can not see beyond the picture, and therefore cannot discover things as quickly as Holmes. Holmes and Watson used to live as bachelors until Holmes got married in Which shows that their relationship may not of only have grown so intimate during their adventures, but also because the were living together. Also at the start of the ‘Sliver Blaze’ and the ‘Speckled band’, we clearly see just from picturing the seen how close they are. In the ‘speckled band’ Holmes is standing next to Watson’s bed apologising from waking him. In the ‘silver blaze’, they are sitting down together having breakfast with each other. These scenes show that they have a very deep relationship. Watson’s marriage also affects their relationship because it means that they no longer live with each other and therefore may have grown apart. The conclusion of my studies shows that Holmes and Watson are more than simply associate. They have an intimate and deep friendship, which is strengthened through their adventures together. Holmes and Watson work best during the investigations together, combining their different qualities and strengths to help them solve the case. Holmes in the relationship is the more dominant figure, intellectually smarter than Holmes and mainly contributing to the case itself using his powerful powers of observation and imagination. Watson however, is more down to Earth and his role is to assist Holmes by protection (carrying the gun, accompanying Holmes) and being the link between Holmes and us. He is also there perhaps to keep Holmes and check, for when he worries about Holmes smoking. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Review of the Article About Gopher It Essay

The business plan of Goffer It is all about the plans and strategies for the establishment of an errand service for professionals in the business district of Boston. The service includes standard service, which includes usual time-consuming errand works of professionals, and custom service, which includes services according to the needs of the people. This partnership firm is to be founded by three highly experienced professionals with adequate knowledge in management and administration. The new venture they plan out is apt as there are not many similar ventures around their targeted locality and it is highly felt to be of need for the people. The population and the potential people interaction is quiet high in that locality. The services offered are quiet many and no competitor is as good as Goffer It. They had a very good marketing strategy and the formost among it is to utilize the benefits of the locality. As many thousands of people travel through the area it gives a natural opportunity for them to expose the firm to many without much of expenditure. This untapped market can be also expanded by way of short advertising campaigns too. The core of it included: * Needs of the target market on the basis of geography, demography, life style and buyer intentions. * Product differentiation. * Effective and profitable marketing mix. They also had a clear plan for the future, ways and means for expansion and to make it a profitable business in short time span of more than a year. They were very clear about the service to be delivered and the pricing of it. Their idea is to give the best service and gain customers through word of mouth. As the founders of this venture the three of them are well experienced and that they have prior experience in managing other but somewhat similar ventures. The best part of the organizational structure is that the three at the top are professionally fit for this work and they are good and qualified in finance and marketing, which can be considered the key areas of a business. Their advantages can be summarized in the following points. Untapped errand market * Large customer base * Low cost of marketing * Geographical advantage * Lifestyle of the people and their need for errand services * Experience of the partners in management * Their professional qualification in finance and marketing * Possibility of future expantion All these make this business very attractive and a possible success in the near future. There are no areas as such that are not addressed by them. Thus in this business plan we see a clear vision of a great firm in the years to come.

Study of Hematology and Blood The WritePass Journal

Study of Hematology and Blood Study of Hematology and Blood Granulocytes:Agranulocytes:MATERIALS METHODSRESULTSCalculationsDISCUSSIOREFERENCESRelated INTRODUCTION Blood is a red syrupy fluid that is thicker than water. It carries out the important functions of transporting oxygen and getting rid of carbon-dioxide and other waste products as well as transporting nutrients to our cells. And it also plays a crucial function in immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. Blood is a tissue that is composed of many different kinds of components. Blood is composed of cells, cellular fragments and fluid. And these are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. ich.ucl.ac.uk/factsheets/families/F030004/ Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are cells with no nuclei. They appear relatively large under microscope. These cells are similar to the primitive prokaryotic cells of bacteria. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon-dioxide. ‘’The red blood cells are produced continuously in the bone marrow from stem cells at a rate of about 2-3 million cells per second’’ (O’Neil, 2007). White blood cells (leucocytes) are much larger than red blood cells, but it is able to change its shape so it can squeeze through little gaps. White blood cells contain nucleus and has colourless cytoplasm. They are involved in protection from bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These cells are formed in the white bone marrow of the long bones. White blood cells have five types (each cell has a task in helping the body fight infections): Granulocytes: Neutrophils (engulf bacteria) Eosinophils (antihistamine properties) Basophils (produce histamine and heparin) Agranulocytes: Monocytes (engulf bacteria) Lymphocytes (produce antibodies) (Fullick, A., 1994, p.142) Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell parts with no nuclei. It releases blood clotting chemicals at the site of wounds. Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called megakaryocyte, which stays in the bone marrow after it differentiates and matures from the stem cell. The platelets circulate body after leaving the bone marrow. Platelets contain high concentrations of 5-Ht (G-protein linked receptors), which is not synthesized inside the platelets but is actively absorbed from the circulation by specific uptake mechanisms. 5-HT is stored in secretor granules and discharged during platelet aggregation in reaction to endothelial damage. 5-HT causes a direct local constrictor effect as well as an increase in platelet aggregation, thereby encourages haemostasis. Haemostasis is a vital defence mechanism aimed at minimizing blood loss during injury. There are billions of living blood cells in human body that are floating in liquid called plasma. The plasma is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, potassium, calcium salts and many other chemicals that help for clotting when necessary to stop bleeding. More than 92% of plasma is water. As the heart pumps blood to cells throughout the body, plasma brings nourishment to them and also removes the waste products of metabolism. The layers of blood cells can be seen under the microscope, once it is centrifuged. This machine spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells from the white blood cells and from platelets. In this process the red blood cells sink to the bottom as they are heavier and have more solid parts. Therefore the plasma remains right at the top, as it is lighter. (Genetic science learning centre, 2008) uwosh.edu/med_tech/teaching/ElementaryHemeWeb/LEARN%20ABOUT%20RBCS%20AND%20PLTS.htm When clotted blood is centrifuged to separate the cellular components a fluid is formed, called serum. The difference between plasma and serum is that the latter lacks fibrinogen and some of the coagulation factors. Fibrinogen is an important blood protein made in the liver and it is involved in clotting. Fibrinogen is transformed into fibrin by an enzyme called thrombin.   And this enzyme is essential to coagulation. Coagulation is to prevent excessive blood loss. A clot is composed of two elements, which are platelets and fibrin. Blood coagulation takes place due to the sequential conversion of series of inactive proteins into catalytically active protease enzymes. Anticoagulants correspond to important therapeutic agents in the management of thromboembolic disease. (Blann, 2007; Lewis, 2006). http://faculty.ccri.edu/kamontgomery/physiology%20blood.htm The main purpose of the Haematology Laboratory is to provide assistance in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of patients. To accomplish this, the components of the blood are analysed. This is almost always achieved in custom-designed equipment. All the blood tubes and forms must be fully labelled to avoid any possible fatal error. Caution needs to be taken when dealing with the blood samples and all laboratory rules must be applied. Red blood cells contain a special protein called Haemoglobin (Hb), which is responsible for making red blood cells red. Hb is a protein that is premeditated to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues; this is where the oxygen is given up to take part in respiration. The standard range of Hb in blood differs between sexual categories. Hb values for women are lower due to menstruating and higher for men. But even when the women are in post-menopausal period, the Hb levels are still lower than age-matched men. This is because the latter produce testosterone to stimulate red cell production. ‘’ The red blood cell count (RCC): Normal range in men 4.32 to 5.66x 1012/L, in women 3.88 to 4.991012/L.’’ (Blann, 2007. p.8). The amount of Hb in blood could be measured in following conversion to azidmethaemoglobin by the addition of sodium nitrate and sodium azide. This is a method employed by one portable haemoglobinometer (HemoCue, Clandon Scientific Ltd.)- This instrument only measures Hb. It takes up measurements at two wavelengths, which are 570nm and 880nm to compensation for turbidity. The reading of the haemoglobin content of the sample is measured in gram/litre blood. A modification of this instrument permits accurate measurements down to 0.1 g/L so that it is also suitable for measurement of dilute solutions of haemoglobin, e.g. haemoglobin in fluid salvaged during surgery, plasma or urine. (Bain, 2002, p. 18). Haematocrit is known as packed cell volume (PVC) or Hct, Crit. This is a count to calculate the whole blood that is taken up by all the blood cells. Haematocrit is measured in percentage and can be converted to SI units by diving into 100. The red blood cell indices are mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). MCV is the size of the average (mean) red blood cell. MCV can be calculated by; PCVà ·RCC.   MCH reports the average amount (mass) of haemoglobin in the average cell. The size of the cell is not taken into account. MCH can be calculated by; Hbà ·RCC. MCHC is the average concentration of haemoglobin inside the average size cell. MCHC can be calculated by Hbà ·Hct. Aim is to study rat blood sample given to us. Therefore count the visible red blood cells under microscope at high power using Neubauer Chamber. Following this count of red blood cells calculations will be applied in which it will determine the haematology of the provided rat blood sample. MATERIALS METHODS Method carried out is exactly the same as in the practical schedule. The practical booklet is called ‘Level 1, Biosciences Programme; Human Physiology, 1LFS0029 ’. The practical carried out is on pp. 29-32 and called HP6- Haematology’.   No amendments have been made.  Ã‚  Ã‚   RESULTS Table 1:   Comparing the values obtained from rat blood samples to the rat reference ranges Parameter Values obtained from rat blood samples Reference ranges for rats Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC) 8.641012/l 6.76-9.7510/l Within the range Determination of haemoglobin (Hb) 178 g/l 115-161 g/l Higher by 17g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC) 0.49 l/l 0.38-0.51l/l Within the range Mean cell volume (MCV) 57 fl 69-85 fl Lower by 12 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 20.6 pg 24-30 pg Lower by 3.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 363.27 g/l 320-360 g/l Higher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value   Table 1 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the rat reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 1). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 1; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range. These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment.   Table 2: Comparing the values obtained for rat blood samples to human (female and male) reference ranges. Parameter Values obtained from rats blood samples Reference ranges for male (with the units) Difference between the standard and obtained results Reference ranges for female (with the units) Difference between the standard and obtained results Red blood cell count (RBC/RCC) 8.641012/l 3.5-6.010/l Higher by 2.641012/l of the maximum range value 3.5-5.510/l Higher by 3.1410/l of the maximum range value Determination of haemoglobin (Hb) 178 g/l 135-180 g/l Within the range 115-165 g/l Higher by 13g/l of the maximum range value Haematocrit (Hct/PVC) 0.49 l/l 0.35-0.55 l/l Within the range 0.3-0.5 l/l Within the range Mean cell volume (MCV) 57 fl 80-96 fl Lower by 23 fl of the minimum range value 80-96 fl Lower by 23 fl of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 20.6 pg 27-32 pg Lower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value 27-32 pg Lower by 6.4 pg of the minimum range value Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 363.27 g/l 320-360 g/l Higher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value 320-360 g/l Higher by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value Table 2 is showing values that have been gained from rat blood sample during the experiment and comparing it with the human (male and female) reference range. The difference has been recorded above (Table 2). The standard values and all the units are included in the table. As seen in Table 2; some values obtained are not within the rat reference range; this was expected as these values are compared to the human reference range values. Values are different between sexual categories, apart from the values for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC).   These values will be discussed in the discussion. To obtain red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), series of calculations have been made; these calculations are shown step by step in the calculations section. Reference range values were taken from ‘Haematology Proforma’ booklet given during the experiment.   Calculations Red cell count (RCC) The number of erythrocytes counted in 80 small sequences on the Neubauer haemocytometer is 864. Multiplying this value by 1010 will give the number of erythrocytes in one litre of blood: 8641010 = 8.64x 1012 /l This RCC value is higher than an average value of standard human haematological indices. The standard value of human haematological indices for male is 3.5-6.01012/l and for female is 3.5-5.51012. The RCC value is within the average value for standard rat haematological indices. The standard value of rat haematological indices is 6.76-9.751012/l. Haematocrit (PCV) The percentage of a blood sample occupied by erythrocytes after centrifugation in a capillary tube is 49%. Hct= (distance of red blood cell collected in the centrifuge tube à · distance of total  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   blood composition) x 100 This value can be converted into SI units, dividing by 100: 49(%) à · 100= 0.49 l/ The PVC value is within the normal range of value for human males and females. The standard value of PVC for male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for female is 0.30-0.50 l/l. The PVC value is also within the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of PVC for rat is 0.38-0.51 l/l. Haemoglobin (Hb) content of a blood sample using ‘Hemocue’ haemoglobinmeter The recorded Hb content is 178 g/l of blood. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is within the standard value for human blood. The standard value of Hb content for human blood for male is 135-180g/l and for female is 115/165g/l. The value recorded for Hb content of blood is above the standard value for rats. The standard value of Hb content for rat blood is 115-161g/l. Mean Cell Volume (MCV) MCV = PCVà ·RCC = n x1012  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1000= y x1015 MCV is in 1015 so therefore this value needs to be multiplied by 1000. 0.49à ·8.64= 0.0571012 0.0571000=57 x1015 MCV= 57fl The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for human males and females. The standard values of MCV for human male and female are 80-96fl. The MCV value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCV for rats is 69-85fl. Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) MCH= Hbà ·RCC 178à ·8.64= 20.60pg (2d.p.) MCH= 20.6 pg The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for human male and females. The standard value of MCH for human male and female are 27-32pg. The MCH value is lower than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCH for rats is 24-30pg. Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) MCHC= Hbà ·Hct 178à ·0.49= 363.27g/l (2d.p.) MCHC= 363.27 g/l The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for human male and female. The standard value of MCHC for human male and female are 320-360g/l. The MCHC value is higher than the normal range of values for rats. The standard value of MCHC for rats is 320-360g/l. DISCUSSIO The value obtained from rat blood sample for red cell count (RCC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for Hb is 8.641012/l. When this value is compared to the human reference range, it is higher. RCC differs between the sexual categories, reference range for human male is between 3.5-6.01012/l and for human female is 3.5-5.51012/l. So therefore the RCC value obtained for rat blood sample is closer to the human male reference range than female reference range. The standard RCC of rat blood is much higher than human’s standard RCC.   So the results obtained for RCC is accurate. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haemoglobin (Hb) is higher than the expected value. The value obtained for Hb is 178 g/l/. So therefore the obtained value is 17g/l higher than the maximum reference range for rats. This could be because of an operator error whilst filling round the chamber, or while removing the excess blood and place in haemoglobinmeter. The other source of error could be rat blood sample used. It might have had different Hb values from the rest. When this value is compared to the reference range of human values, noticed that obtained values are closer to the standard Hb of human values. Hb values differ between sexual categories; reference range for human male is between 135-180 g/l and for human female is115-165 g/l. So therefore the values obtained from rat blood sample are within the range in reference range value of human male and for female it is 13 g/l higher from the maximum reference range of female. The value obtained from rat blood sample for determination of haematocrit (PVC) is within the range in rat reference range. The value obtained for PVC is 0.49 l/l. This value has been converted to SI units from the percentage number. It has been converted by dividing the percentage number into 100. This value is also compared with the human reference range, both for male and female. The reference range value for human male is 0.35-0.55 l/l and for human female is 0.3-0.5 l/l. the value obtained for PVC from rat blood sample is within the range of human male and female reference range a value. Mean cell volume (MCV) value is obtained by the values already obtained for PCV and RCC. So therefore MCV value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is lower by 12fl of the minimum range value. The value obtained for MCV is 57fl; this value has been gained after a series of calculations. The value of MCV is lower than the reference range for rats (69-85fl). This could be because the PVC value obtained is lower than the expected or the RCC value is bigger than the expected value. As the RCC value increases the MCV value decreases and as PCV increases the MCV value increases. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCV is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case the values are the same for male and female), it is lower by 23fl from the minimum value. Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and RCC. So therefore MCH value varies due to these values. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCH is lower by 3.4pg of the minimum range value.   The value obtained for MCH is 20.6pg, where as the reference range value for rat is 24-30pg. This could have been because the Hb value obtained is low for the calculation, but the Hb value is already higher than the reference range value. And RCC is within the range so the expected value for MCH was higher than the reference range.   This inaccurate value could be a result of the RCC value being close to the maximum value. If this value was a bit lower, the MCH value would be in the range or closer to the reference range of rat. When the value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is compared to the reference range of human values (in this case male and female values are the same), it is lower by 6.4pg of the minimum range value. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value is obtained by the values already obtained for Hb and Hct. So therefore MCHC value varies due to these values. The reference range numbers for rat and human (male and female) values are all the same with each other. The value obtained from rat blood sample for MCHC is lower by 3.27 g/l of the maximum range value (for human and rat). As the Hb value increase, the MCHC values increases too and as the Hct value increases, the MCHC value decreases. Hct value is already within the range, so therefore Hb value is the in accurate result. Hb value needs to be the nearest to the maximum value, so that the MCHC value would be in the range. The values calculated for red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC) from rat blood sample are not within the range. So this means that the results obtained are not accurate. The values obtained for RCC and PVC/Hct from rat blood sample is within the range of rat reference range. But Hb value is higher than the maximum range value. This could be because of an operator error in poor pipetting technique or poor counting technique Strong dilution of sample could result in inadequate results. As seen on the Table1 RCC and PVC/Hct values are very close to the maximum of reference range value, and Hb value is higher than the maximum of reference range value. So therefore the sample might not have been diluted properly, take for granted that the sample was stronger than how it should have been. REFERENCES Blann, A. (2007). Routine blood results explained. (2nd Ed.). Birmingham: MK. Bain, B.J. (2002). Blood cells; a practical guide. (3rd Ed.). London: Blackwell. Genetic science learning centre. (2008). What is blood:   blood is made up of four components. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/blood.cfm. Lewis, S.M., Bain, B.J. Bates, I. (2006). Dacie and Lewis practical haematology. (10th Ed.). In Vulliamy, T., Kaeda, J. (Ed.), Molecular and cytogenetic analysis. (p. 564) London: Elsevier Ltd. Appelt, G.D. Appelt, J.M. (1988). Therapeutic pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger. Brody, T.M., Larner, J. Minneman, K.P. (1998). Human pharmacology, molecular to clinical. (3rd Ed.). Missouri: Mosby. O’Neil, D. (2007). Blood components. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/blood_components.htm. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Wickramasinghe, S.N. Hatton, C. (2004).   Haematology. (7th Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Grahame-Smith, D.G. Aronson, J.K. (2002). Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford press. Saeb-parsy, K., assomull, R.G., Khan, F.Z., Saeb-Parsy, K. Kelly, E. (1999). Instant pharmacology. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Hoffbrand, A.V. Pettit, J.E. (1993). Essential haematology. (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Shattil, S.J., Furie, B., Cohen, H.J., Silberstein, L.E., et al. (2005). Haematology, basic principles and practice. (4th Ed.). In Felgar R.E. Ryan D.H. (Ed.), Automated analysis of blood cells. (pp. 2673-2678) Pennsylvania: Elsevier. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, (2004). Hematocrit. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/test.html. Fullick, A., (1994). Biology. Oxford: Heinemann.